Mixed Diplomacy

People to People Diplomacy

Cultural and public diplomacy have become increasingly important in international relations which once relied solely on traditional diplomacy for its interactions. People to people diplomacy has also become an important factor in cultural and public diplomacy. According to the American ambassador to Panama Linda E Watt, ‘the multifaceted subject of people to people contacts includes the role of nongovernmental players in the world, private citizen groups, academics, business people, civic organisations, religious institutions, etc.’ (panama.usembassy.gov) She continues to explain that with the growing influence of non-state actors ‘an ambassador is now but one of many figures and forces influencing relations between nations and peoples.’

Over the past year, people-to-people diplomacy achieved important results in strengthening solidarity, friendship and cooperation with people in neighbouring, regional and traditionally friendly countries, mobilising and gaining support from international friends, according to the report of the Party Central Committee’s Commission for External Relations presented at the conference.

In a conference held in Hanoi on March 15 to review people-to-people diplomacy in 2010 and discuss activities for 2011, it was discussed how ‘through external activities, mass and people’s organisations joined hands with relevant agencies to fight erroneous acts, and to promote the rights of women, children, the disabled and the elderly. All activities were applauded and supported by international countries and organisations.’ (english.vovnews.vn)

Public opinion holds more sway now than at any previous time in history. Information and communication technologies are cheap and ever-present. A dense network of private companies, non-governmental organizations, and social movements exert ever more influence relative to governments, according to Kristin M Lord. The USA is taking full advantage of this to ‘strengthen efforts to engage, persuade, and attract the support of foreign publics’ by the creation of the USA-World Trust. The USA-World Trust will draw on the enormous goodwill, creativity, knowledge, and talent of the American people and likeminded partners overseas to

• present a more accurate and nuanced vision of America to counterbalance the one-sided views sometimes promulgated by popular culture and foreign media
• contribute to an environment of mutual trust, respect, and understanding in which cooperation is more feasible
• promote shared values and their champions
• inform and support our government’s public diplomacy efforts through the sharing of knowledge regarding communication, public opinion, foreign cultures, and technology.

Voices of America: U.S. Public Diplomacy for the 21st Century, foreign policy at brookings.edu

We are now living in a multi-polar world where public opinion is more bearing than ever. It's a world in which constructive informational, cultural and educational exchanges are vital. Despite the fact that diplomacy is still, and probably will always be associated with politics, diplomats and foreign office officials, we can not ignore the fact that cultural and public, especially people to people diplomacy are increasingly relied upon to change or introduce the image of a country.

Transforming role of a Diplomat

Guerilla Diplomat

This is an interesting idea of a need for a changing nature of the conventional diplomat into a more, in my understanding: “people’s diplomat”, which Daryl Copeland termed as the “Guerilla Diplomat”. Copeland is the major supporter of Public and Cultural Diplomacy, who argues that the sole use of military force in conflict zones will not solve the problem, but instead worsen the conditions and endure the issue even further. Thereby, he argues for a more pacifist nature of problem solving-through negotiation, persuasion and communication.

Consequently, he argues for the need of “Guerilla Diplomats”, who are substantially different than that of traditional diplomats in a sense that “Guerilla Diplomats” are given more freedom to rely on their own judgment and rationality without being commanded hierarchically, more interaction in the "out and about" rather than that of working through the office only, adaptation into the environment to the greatest possible extent so that there will be less need of guardians and more ability to engage with the people more freely without being isolated by the security forces. The tools of the “Guerilla Diplomat” are the uses of public diplomacy mixed with “classic qualities of guerrilla warfare: improvisation, self-sufficiency and popular support”.(Copeland, 2008, p293)

“To all of the core attributes associated with public diplomacy-networked communications, relationship-building, cultural ease and creativity-the guerilla diplomat would highlight the importance of abstract thinking, advanced problem-solving skills and rapid-adaptive cognition” (ibid)

The description of the “Guerilla Diplomat”, if simplified into a particular association, comes analogous to the role of the “Avatar”, whose main aim was, as far as I understood, to learn from the local inhabitants and report on strategic actions.

Consider for example the competencies required for a potential “Guerilla Diplomat” extracted from Copeland’s description:

• Local knowledge, cultural sensitivity, language and communications ability

• Irregular representational capabilities and characteristics

• Rapid-adaptive functionality in conflict situations

• An affinity for collaboration and teamwork

• A value premium placed on the generation and use of intelligence

• Autonomy, agility, acuity, self-reliance and resilience. (Copeland,2008, p295).

This illustrates the greater need and call for the use of public diplomacy through “Guerilla Diplomats” in dealing with contemporary issues: whether it is the struggle with terrorism or development.

Copeland, Daryl and Potter, Evan (2008) “Public Diplomacy in Conflict Zones: Military Information Operations Meet Political Counter-Insurgency” The Hague Journal of Diplomacy No:3, p-277-297.

Selective Public and Cultural Diplomacy

I’ve been trying to understand the case in which Monitor Group, a Massachusetts based PR company, has been severely criticized in the press recently and admitted “(we) made serious mistakes entering into a multimillion dollar contract with the Libyan regime to portray Muammar Gaddafi to the west in a favorable light.” (1) Monitor Group promised the regime a “regular flow of high quality visitors” to Tripoli, selected for the “strength of their influence in guiding US policy” (ibid) Monitor has been quoted as saying they thought these visits would bring Gaddafi “closer to the west” (2)

Among the “high quality visitors” were Francis Fukuyama, author of The End of History, Richard Perle, Neo-con advisor to George W. Bush and high profile academics such as Robert Putnam, Benjamin Barber and Joseph Nye. Nye was forced to justify his participation by declaring “As someone who writes on international politics and leaders, I was curious to see what he was like.” And “There is no doubt Gaddafi) acts differently on the world stage today than he did in decades past. The fact that he took so much time to discuss ideas with a visiting professor suggests that he is actively seeking a new strategy.”

The London School of Economics has been similarly criticized for it’s dealings with Libya, leading to the resignation of its director Sir Howard Davies. This is for the “mistake” of concluding a £2.2 million pound deal to train hundreds of future Libyan elites. Surely, with what we know of cultural and public diplomacy, there is nothing here that should raise concerns. In a number of deals with different institutions, Libya proposed to send 400 young Libyans to London for leadership training, 90 diplomatic exchanges with the US and send 70 judges to Britain to study English and international law. We know that cultural exchange and having foreign elites train in or visit your country is one of the most effective forms of diplomacy. The British government has been dealing with Gaddafi for many years now, our oil companies are doing huge amounts of business in Libya. So why the concern now? Gaddafi has been “rehabilitated” in recent years, as shown by this Telegraph article of 29^th May 2007 by David Blair,

But Mr Blair's meeting with Col Gaddafi was designed to drive home the transformation of Libya's relations with the West.

In December 2003, Col Gaddafi handed over his stocks of chemical and biological munitions and his entire nuclear weapons programme to British and American experts.

This crucial step marked the culmination of years of diplomacy, during which Col Gaddafi also stopped sponsoring terrorism and paid compensation to the families of the 270 people who died in the Lockerbie bombing.

Last year, America formally removed Libya from its list of state sponsors of terrorism and resumed diplomatic ties.

Mr Blair regards these developments as one of the key foreign policy successes of his premiership. (3)

I would contend that this is an ongoing strategy to demonize Gaddafi. The British and US governments have seen an opportunity where they may be able to rid Libya of Gaddafi’s influence, foment civil war and consequently gain control of Libya’s sweet crude oil. The propaganda machines of both countries have gone into overdrive to persuade the peoples of Britain, US and the Arab world that any military intervention would be for “humanitarian reasons”. BBC Radio 4’s 6 o’clock News (5^th May) reported a “massacre” of 30 people by pro-Gaddafi troops outside of Bengazi, but the killing of 29 people by the US led puppet regime in Iraq on 26^th February, (4) was apparently not a “massacre”, in fact it was very under reported in the mainstream media. The reporting of Libyan government air force jets bombing rebel populations is only based on hearsay as this extract from the 1^st March, US Department of Defense news briefing, with Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Joint Chief of Staffs Admiral Mike Mullen shows,

Q: Do you see any evidence that he actually has fired on his own people from the air? There were reports of it, but do you have independent confirmation? If so, to what extent

SEC. GATES: We’ve seen the press reports, but we have no confirmation of that.

ADM. MULLEN: That’s correct. We’ve seen no confirmation whatsoever.

Q: Mr. Secretary, could you give us your assessment of the situation on the ground? How bad is it? Can the rebels take Tripoli? Are thousands dying?

SEC. GATES: Well, the -- I think the honest answer, David, is that we don’t know in that respect, in terms of the number of casualties. In terms of the potential capabilities of the opposition, we’re in the same realm of speculation, pretty much, as everybody else. I haven’t seen anything that would give us a better read on the number of rebels that have been killed than you have. And I think it remains to be seen how effectively military leaders who have defected from Gadhafi’s forces can organize the opposition in the country. And we are watching that unfold, as you are.

Melissa.

Q: Do you have any requests from rebel leaders for air strikes from NATO -- have you heard of any of that?

SEC. GATES: No.

(5)

This seems to me to have been written before. In George Orwell’s 1984, the Big Brother government would have an ally one day then re-write history to make them into an enemy the next day.

The West’s military Industrial Complex has the smell of sweet crude in its nostrils, blood is sure to follow.

Sports Diplomacy

Sports diplomacy is a theme which is not discussed quite as often as other kinds of diplomacy. Nevertheless, it does play quite a big role when it comes to diplomacy. However, it is not as direct as other forms of diplomacy. Sport is one of those things that trespasses borders, language barriers, and other differences. It is indeed a very good tool and can be quite successful if implemented correctly.

One of the examples of sports diplomacy is the Rugby World Cup which took place in South Africa in 1995. Nelson Mandela had just become president and South Africa was in a very difficult situation, with far right terrorism against the new democratic order.  South Africa’s hosting of the Rugby World Cup could not have come at a better time. People from everywhere in South Africa joined together as they had the same interest, for their team to win. And this is when nationalism plays an important role too. Nationalism drew everyone together in the hope and support of the South African team; the hope of them winning the Rugby World Cup. At this point, it did not matter whether one was black or white; they were all South Africans cheering for the same team and for one purpose.  Apart from improving things at home, it also sent a positive image of South Africa to the world. It was a new and different South Africa. As Mandela once said, “Sport has the power to change the world, to inspire, to unite people in a way that little else can.” And not to forget that South Africa ended up winning the Rugby World Cup that year.

Another example of sport as diplomacy is what is called the ‘Ping-Pong Diplomacy’ between the United States and China in 1971. The United States had a blockade towards the Peoples’ Republic of China at the time. The Table Tennis World Championship was taking place in Japan, and China invited the American team for a visit. The U.S. was invited to China for a few friendly matches (or exhibition matches) of table tennis. This was an opening of a new chapter in the relations between China and the U.S. It is halfway through the Americans’ visit in China that the United States lifted the 20 year old trade embargo against China. Indeed, the following year Chinese players went to United States for a few exhibition matches as well. And it was in February 1972 that Nixon visited China, the first ever American president to do so.

One of the more recent examples is that of China hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. All eyes were on China and how prepared they would be. This indeed provided more opportunities for China’s diplomatic practices and they did not fail. The Beijing 2008 Olympic Games were a success and promoted a new image of China.

The United States have several diplomatic envoys who are athletes, such as Michelle Kwan (figure skater), Barry Larkin and Joe Logan (baseball players). Michelle Kwan was appointed as envoy in 2007 and has visited Argentina, Russia, Singapore, South Korea and Ukraine among others.

The United Kingdom is now investing a lot into the London 2012 Olympic Games. This event will focus the world’s attention on Britain and have them re-examine their views and opinions about the UK. The Foreign & Commonwealth Office describe it as “a remarkable opportunity to demonstrate the open, connected, dynamic and creative country that is Britain today” and they their challenge is “to improve perceptions of Britain – and thereby increase the UK’s power to influence.” All eyes will be on London in the summer of 2012. 

Sports diplomacy is indeed a big part of public diplomacy. Its advantage lies in the fact that sports is something universal and which has the capacity to unite people in one way or another. 

Here is the link to title sequence for the London 2012 Olympic Games handover show first shown in Beijing 2008:

Glossary of Diplomatic Terms

Source: www.ediplomat.com

A

Accession
The procedure by which a nation becomes a party to an agreement already in force between other nations
Accords
International agreements originally thought to be for lesser subjects than covered by treaties , but now really treaties by a different name.
Ad Referendum
An agreement reached ad referendum means an agreement reached by negotiators at the table, subject to the subsequent concurrence of their governments.
Agrément
Diplomatic courtesy requires that before a state appoints a new chief of diplomatic mission to represent it in another state, it must be first ascertained whether the proposed appointee is acceptable to the receiving state. The acquiescence of the receiving state is signified by its granting its agrément to the appointment. It is unusual for an agrément to be refused, but it occasionally happens.
Aide Mémoire
A written summary of the key points made by a diplomat in an official conversation. Literally, a document left with the other party to the conversation, either at the time of the conversation or subsequently, as an aid to memory.
Alternat
When an agreement is signed between two states, or among several states, each signatory keeps an official copy for itself. Alternat refers to the principle which provides that a state’s own name will be listed ahead of the other signatory, or signatories, in its own official copy. It is a practice devised centuries ago to handle sensitivities over precedence.
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
The chief of a diplomatic mission; the ranking official diplomatic representative of his country to the country to which he is accredited, and the personal representative of his own head of state to the head of state of the host country. The term "extraordinary" has no real meaning. Years ago it was given only to nonresident ambassadors on temporary missions and was used to distinguish them from regular resident ambassadors. The latter resented others having this appellation, as it seemed to imply a lesser position for themselves. Eventually therefore, it was accorded to them as well. "Plenipotentiary" also comes down through the years. Today it simply means possessed of full power to do an ambassador’s normal job. Ambassador is capitalized when referring to a specific person (i.e. Ambassador Smith).
Ambassador-Designate
An official who has been named to be an ambassador, but who has not yet taken his oath of office.
Ambassadress
A term often used to denote the wife of an ambassador, and misused to denote a woman chief of mission. The latter is an ambassador, not an ambassadress.
Asylum
Used in diplomacy to mean the giving of refuge in two senses: first, within the extraterritorial grounds of an embassy (not generally done in American embassies); and second, when one states allows someone to live within its borders, out of reach of the authority of a second state from which the person seeks protection.
Attaché
Civilian attachés are either junior officers in an embassy or, if more senior, officers who have a professional specialization such as "labor attaché", "commercial attaché", "cultural attaché", etc. On the military side, an embassy will generally have either an army attaché, naval attaché, or air attaché – and often all three. In American embassies, the senior of the three is called the defense attaché and is in charge of all military attaché activities. These consist largely of liaison work with local military authorities and of keeping informed on host country order of battle.
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B

Bag, The
See "Pouch". Bag is the British term. "Bag Day" is the day the pouch is sealed and sent to the home office. Hence, bag day is the day when all non-telegraphic reporting must be finalized and dispatched.
Belligerency
A state of belligerency is a state of armed conflict. Belligerents are direct participants in the conflict.
Bilateral
Bilateral discussions or negotiations are between a state and one other. A bilateral treaty is between one state and one other. "Multilateral" is used when more than two states are involved.
Bout de Papier
A very informal means of conveying written information; more informal than an aide mémoire or a memorandum.
Breaking Relations
The formal act of severing diplomatic relations with another state to underscore disapproval of its actions or policies. It is generally an unwise step, because when relations between states are most strained is when the maintaining of diplomatic relations is most important. It makes little sense to keep diplomats on the scene when things are going relatively well and then take them away when they are most needed. An intermediate step which indicates serious displeasure but stops short of an actual diplomatic break is for a government to recall its ambassador indefinitely. This is preferable to a break in relations as his embassy will continue to function; but again this comes under the heading of cutting one’s nose to spite one’s face. If a dramatic gesture of this kind is needed, it is far better promptly and publicly to recall an ambassador for consultations, and then just as promptly return him to his post.
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C

Calls and Calling Cards
"Calling" has largely disappeared from private life, but it is a practice which is still useful in a diplomatic community where the early establishment of extensive contacts is a must. Soon after a diplomat’s arrival at a new post, therefore, he will embark on a program of call on those with whom he will be dealing – and whom he must lose no time in getting to know. In modern, less formal times, calling cards do not have nearly the same role in diplomatic life they once did. But with the traditional initials, p.p. (pour présenter); p.f. (pour féliciter); p.c. (pour condoléance); p.r. (pour remercier); or p.p.c. (pour prendre congé) inscribed at their bottom left-hand corner, they remain a still useful and accepted way to convey simple messages of presentation, congratulation, condolence, thanks, and farewell.
Casus Belli
An action by one state regarded as so contrary to the interests of another state as to be considered by that second state as a cause for war.
Chancelleries
As in "chancelleries of Europe," i.e. foreign offices.
Chancery
The office where the chief of mission and his staff work. This office is often called the embassy but this is a misnomer. Technically, the embassy is where the ambassador lives, not where he works, although in earlier times when diplomatic missions were smaller, this was usually the same building. Today, for clarity’s sake, many diplomats now distinguish between the two by using the terms "embassy residence" and "embassy office".
Chancery, Head of
An important position in British embassies not found in American diplomatic establishments. An officer, usually head of the political section, charged with coordinating the substantive and administrative performance of the embassy. In an American embassy, the ambassador looks to the deputy chief of mission to do this.
Chargé d’Affaires, a.i.
Formerly, a chargé d’affaires was the title of a chief of mission, inferior in rank to an ambassador or a minister. Today with the a.i. (ad interim) added, it designates the senior officer taking charge for the interval when a chief of mission is absent from his post.
Chief of Mission
The ranking officer in an embassy, permanent mission, legation, consulate general or consulate (i.e. an ambassador always, and a minister, consul general, or consul when no more senior officer is assigned to the post). A "chief of mission" can also be the head of a special and temporary diplomatic mission, but the term is usually reserved for the earlier listed examples.
Clearances
A message or other document conveying a policy or an instruction is "cleared" in a foreign office, or large embassy, when all officials who have responsibility for any of its specific aspects have signified their approval by initialing it. Some officers gain a reputation for insisting on changing, even if only in minor ways, everything that is places before them – and it is occasionally alleged they would do so even if it were in the Ten Commandments being presented to them. Conversely, others are occasionally so casual that their clearance seems to mean only that the document in question does not appear to take away any of their jurisdiction. A clearance procedure in some form is essential for adequate coordination, but when overdone (as it often is), it can be a stifling, time-consuming process, and a bane of diplomatic life.
Communiqué
A brief public summary statement issued following important bilateral or multilateral meetings. These tend to be bland and full of stock phrases such as "full and frank discussions", and the like. Occasionally, getting an agreement on the communiqué turns out to be the most difficult part of the meeting.
Conciliation
An effort to achieve agreement and, hopefully, increased goodwill between two opposed parties.
Concordat
A treaty to which the Pope is a party.
Conference or Congress
International meetings. In the diplomatic sense, a congress has the same meaning as a conference.
Consular Agent
An official doing consular work for a nation in a locality where it does not maintain a regular consulate. This official is usually a national of his host state, and his work is usually part-time.
Consulate
An office established by one state in an important city of another state for the purpose of supporting and protecting its citizens traveling or residing there. In addition, these offices are charges with performing other important administrative duties such as issuing visas (where this is required) to host country nationals wishing to travel to the country the consulate represents. All consulates, whether located in the capital city or in other communities, are administratively under the ambassador and the embassy. In addition to carrying out their consular duties, they often serve as branch offices for the embassy, supporting, for example, the latter’s political and economic responsibilities. Consulates are expected to play a particularly significant role in connection with the promotion of their own country’s exports and other commercial activities. Officers performing consular duties are known as consuls or, if more junior, vice consuls. The chief of the consulate is known as the consul.
Consulate General
A bigger and more important consulate, presided over by a consul-general.
Consul, Honorary
A host-country national appointed by a foreign state to perform limited consular functions in a locality here the appointing state has no other consular representation.
Convention
An agreement between two or more states, often more, concerning matters of common interest. While supposedly used for lesser matters than embraced in a treaty, it often deals with important subjects indeed – international postal and copyright laws, for example, of the law of the sea.
Counselor of Embassy
A senior diplomatic title ranking just behind an ambassador and a minister. In many embassies there is no minister, and the counselor is the number two man, i.e., the deputy chief of mission. (In a very small embassy, the second may not have this rank). In a large embassy, the second ranking officer may be a minister, or minister-counselor, in which case the heads of the more important sections have counselor rank. Thus, for example, the embassy’s political counselor, economic counselor, an administrative counselor are well-known and much-respected positions in diplomatic life.
Country Desk
State departments and foreign offices generally have an office for each country with which the have active dealings. These offices are often called country desks, and if a large country is involves and there is a large embassy to support there, the desk is likely to be staffed by a large number of officers. A smaller country may require a one-officer desk only.
Country Team
An American diplomatic term meaning the ambassador’s cabinet. It consists of his deputy chief of mission, heads of all important embassy sections, and the chiefs of all other elements (military, agricultural, aid, information, and cultural, etc.) working under him in the "embassy community".
Credentials
The name for letters given to an ambassador by his chief of state, and addressed to the chief of state of his host country. They are delivered to the latter by ambassadors in a formal credentials ceremony, which generally takes place shortly after his arrival at a new post. Until this ceremony has taken place he is not formally recognized by the host country, and he cannot officially act as an ambassador. The letters are termed "letters of credence" because they request the receiving chief of state to give "full credence" to what the ambassador will say of behalf of his government.
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D

D.C.M.
Embassy shorthand for the deputy chief of mission.
Declaration
This can have two quite distinct meanings in diplomacy. It can first, of course, mean a unilateral statement by one state, ranging from an expression of opinion or policy to a declaration of war. It can also mean a joint statement by two or more states having the same binding effect as a treaty. In this latter connection declarations can be put forward either in their own right or appended to a treaty as an added understanding or interpretation.
Delegation
Again used in two senses in diplomacy. "Delegation" can be the term used to refer to the specific powers delegates by his government to a diplomat acting in certain specific circumstances. It also refers to an official party sent to an international conference or on some other special diplomatic mission.
Demarché
An approach, a making of representations. Still very common term used by diplomats to indicate the official raising of a matter with host country officials, often accompanied by a specific request for some type of action or decision in connection with it.
Détente
An easing of tension between states.
Diplomatic Agent
A generic term denoting a person who carries out regular diplomatic relations of the nation he/she represents in the nation to which he/she has been accredited.
Diplomatic Corps
The body of foreign diplomats assembled at a nation’s capital. In cities where consuls and consul general are resident, the are collectively known as the consular corps. The dean of both corps is usually that official who had been at his post the longest. There are exceptions to this later rule, however. For example, in some Catholic countries, the papal nuncio is always the dean. The dean represents the corps in collective dealings with host country officials on matters of a ceremonial or administrative character affecting the corps as a whole.
Diplomatic Illness
The practice of feigning illness to avoid participation in a diplomatic event of one kind or another and at the same time to avoid giving formal offense. "Diplomatic deafness" is a somewhat related concept whereby older diplomats allegedly turn this infirmity to advantage by not hearing what they prefer not to hear.
Diplomatic Immunity
Exemption of foreign diplomatic agents or representatives from local jurisdiction. Also see Diplomatic Immunity.
Diplomatic Note
A formal written means of communication among embassies.
Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities
Historically accorded in recognition that the diplomat represents (and is responsible to) a different sovereignty; also in order that the legitimate pursuit of his official duties will not be impeded in any unnecessary way. They include inviolability of person and premises and exemption from taxation and the civil and criminal jurisdiction of local courts. Also see Diplomatic Immunity.
Diplomatic Ranks
Listed in order of precedence:
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary
Ministers Plenipotentiary
Ministers
Chargé d'Affaires ad hoc or pro tempore
Chargé d'Affaires ad interim
Minister-Counselors
Counselors (or Senior Secretaries in the absence of Counselors)
Army, Naval and Air Attachés
Civilian Attachés
First Secretaries
Second Secretaries
Assistant Army, Naval and Air Attachés Civilian Assistant Attachés
Third Secretaries and Assistant Attachés
Diplomatist
It has the same meaning as "diplomat". An outdated word rarely used now in spoken diplomacy but occasionally still appearing in the literature of diplomacy.
Dispatch
A written, as opposed to a telegraphic, message from an embassy to its home office or vice versa.
Dual Accreditation
Having two or more responsibilities, such as an ambassador who is simultaneously accredited to two nations.
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E

Economic Officer
A career diplomat who specialized in economics rather than political, administrative, or other matters.
Embassy
The residence of an ambassador. In recent years, also inaccurately used to denote the building which contains the offices of the ambassador and other key members of his staff. The proper term for the latter, as noted above, is the "chancery". As also noted above, confusion is nowadays avoided through the practice of using the two terms "embassy residence" and "embassy office".
Entente
Denotes a close understanding between certain nations. It suggests mutual and complementary efforts, and a sense of compatible objectives. It can be agreed on orally or in writing, but as a concept is generally less binding than a treaty relationship.
Envoy
Nowadays used to refer to any senior diplomat. Earlier it had a specific hierarchical connotation, being used to designate diplomatic agents of less than the highest rank.
Excellency
An archaic but still much-used title for addressing an ambassador. Theoretically, an American ambassador is not supposed to be addressed this way, but he generally is – along with all his other ambassadorial colleagues. "Mr. Ambassador" is more accurate and less silly. That he is; he may or may not be "excellent."
Exchange of Notes
A common way of recording an agreement. The contents of the notes are, of course, agreed upon in advance by the two nations participating in the exchange.
Exequatur
A document issued to a consul by the host country government authorizing him to carry out his consular duties.
Ex Gracia
Something which is done as a gesture of good will and not on the basis of an accepted legal obligation.
Extradition
The term for the process, governed by formally concluded agreements, by which fugitives fleeing justice from one country are returned from the country where they have sought refuge. It does not apply to political offenses.
Extraterritoriality
The exercise by one nation, as a result of formally concluded agreements, of certain sovereign functions within the territory of another state. A curtailment of the jurisdiction of the latter state in certain specified areas and/or in certain specified respects.
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F

Final Act (Acte Final)
A formal summary statement, drawn up at the conclusion of a conference.
Foggy Bottom
The name given to a once marsh like area near Washington’s Potomac River, and now somewhat irreverently bequeathed to the U.S. Department of State, one of that area’s best-known modern occupants.
Foreign Affairs Community
An American government term used to denote the State Department and other government departments and agencies (Defense, Commerce, Agriculture, Treasury, U.S. Information Agency, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Agency for International Development, etc.) which have special interests and responsibilities in the foreign affairs field.
F.S.O.
Shorthand for a career American diplomat, i.e., an American Foreign Service officer.
Full Powers
A document which authorizes a diplomat to conduct and consummate special business on behalf of his government, such as the settlement of a dispute or the negotiation and signing of a treaty. Before signing a treaty, a diplomat is obligated to show his full-powers document to the other parties involved.
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G

Good Offices
An effort by a third state, or by an individual or an international body, designed to stimulate the processes of settlement in a dispute between two other states.
Guarantee, Treaty of
A treaty which requires signatories to guarantee that situations agreed upon will be maintained. The honoring of such commitments can precipitate armed conflicts.
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H

High Commission
A diplomatic mission of one Commonwealth country in another. For example, Canada has a High Commission in Canberra, Australia.
High Commissioner
The chief of a high commission. Similar to what an ambassador is to an embassy.
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I

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J

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K

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L

Legation
These are rare now, but they were once very common. A legation is a diplomatic mission similar for most practical purposes to an embassy, but lower in rank, and presided over by a minister rather than an ambassador. For most of the last century, American diplomatic representation abroad was limited to legations, and for much of this century, the U.S. was represented in more countries by legations than it was by embassies.
Letters of Credence
See Credentials.
Letters of Recall
Also presented by a new ambassador, along with his letter of credence, to the chief of state of his host country during his credentials-presentation ceremony. It is the official document which formally recalls his predecessor.
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M

Minister, Minister-Counselor
Apart from its cabinet-officer connotation (i.e. "foreign minister"), a minister has traditionally been a chief of diplomatic mission who headed a legation rather than an embassy. As so few legations are left, the title is now borrowed more and more to designate the second-ranking officer of a large embassy. It has, therefore, come increasingly to mean the senior counselor under the ambassador. To avoid confusion with the old connotation, the United States and a number of governments designate these senior deputy chiefs of mission by the hyphenated title "minister-counselor".
Mission
A generic term for embassy. Mission also describes the entirety of official representation in a given foreign country which functions under the supervision of the Ambassador, including civilian and military personnel.
Modus Vivendi
A temporary agreement, in writing, of an interim character, pending the negotiation of more definitive arrangements.
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P

Passport
The official document issued to a person by his/her government certifying citizenship and requesting foreign governments to grant the individual safe passage, lawful aid and protection while under that government's jurisdiction.
P.C.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour condoler" (to express sympathy).
P.F.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour féliciter" (to extend congratulations).
P.M.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour memoire" (to remind).
P.P.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour présenter" (to introduce).
P.P.C.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour prendre congé" (to say goodbye).
P.R.
Used in written social correspondence, "pour remercier" (to express thanks).
Persona Non Grata
An individual who is unacceptable to or unwelcome by the host government.
Precedence
Priority; the right to superior honor on a ceremonial or formal occasion; for ambassadors in a country, precedence is determined by the order in which they presented their credentials to the host government.
Protocol
Refers to the ceremonial side of diplomacy, including matters of diplomatic courtesy and precedence. Also see Diplomatic Protocol.
Protocol
Another name for an agreement. Originally a protocol was considered a somewhat less formal document than a treaty, but that is a distinction no longer valid. A protocol may be an agreement in its own right. It also may constitute added sections which clarify or alter an agreement, or it may be used to add new subjects of agreement to the original document.
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R

Rapporteur
The official of a committee or subcommittee whose job is to prepare a summary report of its discussions and conclusions.
Rapprochment
The establishment of improved relations.
Ratification
The act, subsequent to a treaty’s having been negotiated, by which a government commits itself to adhere to that treaty. In the United States, it is inaccurate to speak of the Senate’s ratifying a treaty. The executive does this, but only after the Senate has given its consent.
Recognition
Commonly used in connection with the recognition by one state of 1) the existence of another state (for example when a new one is formed), or 2) the existence of a government which is in effective control of a state. The term "de facto recognition" means recognition that a state, or a government of a state, in fact exists – but it also means the withholding of full official recognition of this. When the latter is extended, it is termed "de jure recognition". It is a distinction based more on diplomatic convenience than on logic.
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S

Seventh Floor
Shorthand for the most senior leadership of the U.S. State Department. It is where the offices of the Secretary of State and his most senior aides are located.
Short-Timer
A diplomat whose assignment at a foreign post is nearing its close. A phrase borrowed from the military.
Sixth Floor
Where many of the U.S. State Department’s regional and other assistant secretaries have their offices. Shorthand for the assistant secretary level of the department’s leadership.
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T

T.D.Y.
Shorthand for a temporary duty assignment.
Tour D’Horizon
A diplomatic discussion covering most (or at least a number of ) subjects of current and common concern.
Treaty
A formal mutually binding agreement between countries. The term comes from traiter, to negotiate.
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U

Ultimatum
A last statement indicating a final position. On occasion a prelude to the initiation of military action.
Unfriendly Act
A term used when one government wishes to tell another that an action the latter has taken is regarded as so serious that it might lead to a military action against it. An action which risks war.
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V

Vice Consul
A junior ranking consular officer.
Visa
Written authority to enter a country for either temporary or permanent residence, depending on its wording.
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